近幾十年來(lai)我國的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運行(xing)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)幾個突出特點:一(yi)是發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)中(zhong)以燃煤火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)為主,發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)致的(de)(de)環(huan)境污(wu)染問題日益突出;二是能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)心與(yu)負荷中(zhong)心逆(ni)向(xiang)分(fen)布(bu);三是配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式還是以單電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)模式為主,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)消(xiao)費依舊是由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部門主導(dao)。智(zhi)能(neng)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)建設,將在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)(de)發、輸(shu)、配等(deng)環(huan)節進行(xing)改革(ge),逐步(bu)降低(di)一(yi)次化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統的(de)(de)占比,積(ji)極發展風能(neng)、太陽能(neng)等(deng)綠色(se)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan);同時通(tong)過建設超/特高壓輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)絡,實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)優化(hua)配置(zhi);積(ji)極推廣(guang)多電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式,強化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)服務職能(neng)。為適(shi)應智(zhi)能(neng)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)建設的(de)(de)需要(yao),要(yao)利用微(wei)機(ji)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護測試(shi)儀將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護構建的(de)(de)更加合(he)理可靠(kao),研究適(shi)應智(zhi)能(neng)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)改革(ge)需要(yao)的(de)(de)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護方法。

1我國智能化電(dian)網建設(she)現狀(zhuang)

自(zi)從提出(chu)電網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)能(neng)化改(gai)革以來,我國的(de)(de)(de)電網(wang)智(zhi)能(neng)化取得了許(xu)多成就,特(te)別是在超/特(te)高(gao)壓電網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)建設(she)及投運、新能(neng)源(例如風(feng)能(neng))電力的(de)(de)(de)并網(wang)運行以及智(zhi)能(neng)化的(de)(de)(de)配用電方(fang)面(mian)進(jin)(jin)行了一系列深遠而有(you)意義改(gai)革。但是,隨著(zhu)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)推進(jin)(jin),電網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)能(neng)化也面(mian)臨著(zhu)不少的(de)(de)(de)困難和問題(ti),其中主要體現(xian)在以下幾方(fang)面(mian)。

(1)長距離(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)輸(shu)送系(xi)統(tong)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)力(li)的安全運行形成挑戰。我(wo)國的能源(yuan)集(ji)中地主(zhu)要是在西部(bu)、北部(bu)等經濟不(bu)發達地區,而(er)經濟發達的東部(bu)及南(nan)部(bu)沿海地區能源(yuan)明(ming)顯不(bu)足,這(zhe)就在客觀(guan)上決定了我(wo)國必須(xu)要建(jian)設大(da)量的交直流混(hun)合、超(chao)/特高(gao)壓(ya)的輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)網絡(luo)。長距離(li)(li)、交直流混(hun)合以及超(chao)/特高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)網絡(luo)成為我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)力(li)輸(shu)送的一大(da)特點,而(er)實踐證(zheng)明(ming),這(zhe)種大(da)型(xing)、互聯(lian)的電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)容易激生(sheng)由于局部(bu)擾動而(er)導致全線(xian)故障的隱患(huan),同(tong)時(shi),直流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)會對(dui)交直流線(xian)路的控制能力(li)以及繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保護造成不(bu)同(tong)程度的影響,給電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)的長期安全運行形成嚴峻挑戰。

(2)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)力并網(wang)給電(dian)(dian)網(wang)穩(wen)定運行(xing)帶來挑(tiao)戰。近幾(ji)年,我(wo)國加(jia)(jia)大(da)了(le)(le)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)力并網(wang)運行(xing)的(de)速度,僅就(jiu)2011年,新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能源全年總發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)超過(guo)了(le)(le)900億(yi)kW/h,大(da)量(liang)的(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)力通過(guo)規模化接入電(dian)(dian)網(wang)作(zuo)為主要的(de)利用方式。而新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)力具(ju)有(you)幾(ji)個明顯的(de)特點,即:間歇性(xing)、隨(sui)機性(xing)以(yi)及可(ke)調度差,這就(jiu)給電(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)增加(jia)(jia)了(le)(le)難度,同時(shi),新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)力系統本身(shen)采用的(de)逆變設備等會(hui)(hui)產生諧波(bo)分量(liang)以(yi)及直流分量(liang),不但會(hui)(hui)影響(xiang)原有(you)電(dian)(dian)能的(de)質(zhi)量(liang),而且可(ke)能會(hui)(hui)導致電(dian)(dian)力系統繼電(dian)(dian)保護裝置(zhi)的(de)誤動作(zuo),嚴重影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)穩(wen)定、安全運行(xing)。

(3)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和用(yong)戶(hu)有(you)(you)效(xiao)互(hu)動不(bu)足,配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)保護(hu)及控制技術還(huan)(huan)不(bu)能(neng)滿(man)足智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)化的(de)需(xu)求。我國傳統的(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式是單向(xiang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應用(yong)戶(hu)消費,在智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中,要(yao)(yao)求提升(sheng)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)的(de)同時還(huan)(huan)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力資源的(de)運(yun)行(xing)效(xiao)率(lv),這就需(xu)要(yao)(yao)將(jiang)單向(xiang)的(de)消費模式轉(zhuan)變(bian)為雙向(xiang)互(hu)動模式,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和用(yong)戶(hu)一起積極采取(qu)措施(shi)“削峰平谷”,例如鼓勵居民(min)使用(yong)節能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi),減少(shao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使用(yong);鼓勵工廠錯(cuo)峰生產,提升(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力使用(yong)效(xiao)率(lv)。隨著大(da)量(liang)分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源接入,智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)將(jiang)具有(you)(you)用(yong)戶(hu)反向(xiang)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力,而現有(you)(you)的(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)保護(hu)及控制系統還(huan)(huan)不(bu)能(neng)滿(man)足這一需(xu)求。